Mitogenome phylogeny
The brand new mitochondrial succession try a commonly used molecular ong pet 35 . In the present study, to advance elucidate the fresh new phylogenetic interrelationships within this Anatidae, concatenated nucleotide sequences off thirteen PCGs as well as 2 rRNA family genes had been obtained from 37 Anatidae aves, in regards to the five Aythya varieties, you to Netta kinds, that Asarcornis variety, that Mareca species, 7 Anas types, three Mergus varieties, that Lophodytes species, three Bucephala variety, you to definitely Cairina species, that Aix types, one or two Tadorna kinds, five Cygnus varieties, you to Branta species, five Anser varieties, and something Dendrocygna kinds.
Both in the fresh new Bayesian inference (BI) and limit possibilities (ML) analyses, brand new phylogenetic woods got nearly identical topologies (Fig. eight, Supplementary Figs. step 1 and dos). Both woods in the a couple of analyses was basically supported by good statistical viewpoints. Generally speaking, new genera Aythya, Netta, Asarcornis, Anas, Mareca, Mergus, Lophodytes, Bucephala, Cairina, Tadorna, and you can Aix clustered when you look at the subfamily Anatinae, while new subfamily Anserinae got a cousin experience of Anatinae, plus Cygnus, Branta, and Anser. Dendrocygna javanica, whose erect posture, elongated neck and feet, and you may obvious perching-forest routine distinguish they out of most other Anseriformes varieties, diverged earlier on the head lineage and you can signifies a sis clade so you’re able to Anatinae-Anserinae thirty-six . Our very own topology was very consistent with the results of training established with the analysis out-of concatenated mitochondrial nucleotide sequences out-of ND2 and you can Cytb family genes, together with with morphological analysis thirty six,37,38 .
Molecular phylogenetic analysis away from charmdate price 37 Anatidae species built by the MrBayes and IQ tree. Quantity next to the nodes show posterior chances (left) and you can bootstrap viewpoints (right).
Inside Anserinae, species of the genus Anser is related to Branta canadensis directly. This is prior to previous morphology-created analyses 39 . The difficulty is more advanced to the larger subfamily Anatinae. Within subfamily, we found four consistent clades: Aythyini (Aythya + Netta + Asarcornis), Anatini (Anas + Mareca), Mergini (Mergus + Lophodytes + Bucephala), and you may Cairinini (Cairina + Aix + Tadorna). Cairinini try the fresh cousin gang of any other Anatinae people, that was firmly backed by the outcomes of your expose research. Regarding Anatinae tribes, Anatini and you may Aythyini enjoys nearer phylogenetic relationships, and they results are backed by morphological education and you will phylogenetic data predicated on a few PCGs 37,38 . Inside genus Aythya, A great. americana and you can A beneficial. ferina was basically clustered in addition to well-served beliefs. Meanwhile, An excellent. fuligula and the clade (A beneficial. americana + An effective. ferina) designed a leading-offered well worth department. Our address kinds, A good. baeri, plus the clade (A. fuligula + (An excellent. americana + A beneficial. ferina)) was clustered on the you to branch, indicating the brand new five variety function an excellent monophyletic classification.
Results
The present day studies provided the brand new mitogenome from A great. baeri (sixteen,623 bp, accession matter MT129533). That it rounded mtDNA incorporated thirteen PCGs, a couple of rRNAs, twenty-two tRNAs, plus one CR. Courtesy comparison, it was learned that the fresh genome from A. baeri showed attribute series structures and you will was some comparable to those individuals away from Aythya aves. Among the many PCGs, ND3 had the very polymorphism and you will high hereditary point. Our phylogenetic research centered on mutual mitochondrial gene set (thirteen PCGs and two rRNAs) regarding 37 Anatidae types playing with BI and you will ML algorithms showed that Good. baeri is actually closely pertaining to An effective. fuligula, An excellent. americana, and you can An excellent. ferina. Indeed, we deduced these particular varieties had been monophyletic. Moreover, every genera by which several types was in fact read have been plus found to be monophyletic except for Anas, given that you to incorporated Mareca. The current investigation will bring a significant site into conservation regarding the latest learnt critically endangered variety in addition to valuable suggestions to possess further phylogenetic and you may evolutionary browse into relatives Anatidae.
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