A(3) The additives (
Sopra modern terminology, the additive is verso material “added sopra small quantities preciso a liquid or granular material puro produce some desired modification preciso its characteristics” (ISO 6707–1:2020), while the admixture is a material “added con small quantities before or during a mixage process durante order puro modify the characteristics of verso mixture”. However, the difference between the two terms lies mainly con that the additive is added during the manufacturing of the cement, while the admixture is added onesto the concrete during mixing. Moreover, the Accouple EN 934–2 canone states that the admixture for concrete should be con an amount not greater than 5% by mass, compared with the cement. Therefore, under the current rules, the adjonction of materials, such as ground ceramic fragments, mediante considerable proportions would fall into the category of aggregates and not that of additives.
However, one of the main aims of the archaeometric study on ancient mortars and plasters is onesto reconstruct the production’s phases and the supply modalities of each component. Mediante this case, the term additive, used per its etymological sense (from addere, sicuro add) has the advantage of clearly recalling the difference between per primary component (frequently sand) and an added component (i.di nuovo. the additive) sopra the aggregate. This is the meaning we have given puro the term additive con this article. Still, the explanation provided above accounts for the fact that modern terminology partly overlaps and partly articulates itself differently, based on the contemporary world’s different needs. It follows that, as long as terminological uncertainties persist, it is always good to specify the choice made in the description of the results.
Hence, after having accurately characterised the main components (aggregate and binder), the following question concerns the possible presence of additives: “are there any deliberately added materials?”. If yes: “which types of materials were added?” and “where did they che tipo di from or how were they made?” (other questions concern suitability and functionality and are reported in the dedicated paragraphs).
Puro quiz fuck marry kill properly solve this question, it is necessary, perhaps even more than sopra previous cases, sicuro know which types of additives were used sicuro facilitate-or even allow-their identification during the analysis of the “study’s object”
The accessit of inclusions sicuro improve the final product’s affermazione was a common practice that frequently left recognisable traces per literary sources and archaeological evidence. Consequently, citable examples are numerous and provide us with an extremely varied picture durante which inorganic and organic materials are enlisted. Therefore, it is possible preciso formulate the characterisation question mediante terms of: “are the additives of an inorganic or organic nature?” (we will see later that there are additional difficulties sopra this second case).
For this reason, we present per shortlist of inorganic and organic additives (and admixtures); however, we refer sicuro the other contributions for the necessary insights on their characteristics and properties (Arizzi and Cultrone 2021; Ergenc et al. 2021).
Beginning with inorganic additives, the most common were natural and artificial pozzolans that are defined as “siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which in themselves possess little or no cementitious value but will, con finely divided form and con the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures puro form compounds possessing cementitious properties” (Dodson 1990).
Natural pozzolans are volcanic origin materials, such as the volcanic ashes from the region of Pozzuoli from which they take their name (pozzolan s.s.). These are often found mediante the mortars/plasters of sites located within or close to volcanic regions (Pizzo et al. 2009; Ozkaya and Boke 2009; Villasenor and Graham 2010; Kurugol and Gulec 2012), but when they are found in sites far from supply areas, archaeometric research is called upon preciso localise their origin and reconstruct the trade routes that allowed their import and usage. The provenance question may thus remain confined to the scale of the site and its territory or expand sicuro long-scale range imports and cross other issues such as those concerning the methods and extent of the commercializzazione of raw materials mediante per given period (ed.g. “what was the diffusion of these materials?”; “what were the routes and commercial methods involved mediante the transport of these important raw materials?”).
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